The Fasting (Shaum) of Ramadan
Contents
- The Fasting (Shaum) of Ramadan
- The Conditions for the Validity of Fasting
- The Conditions for Fasting Becoming Compulsary
- The Pillars of Fasting of Ramadan
- Major Kaffārah (Expiation) and Specified Punishment
- Things that Nullify the Fast
- The Breaking of the Fast
- The Types of Breaking the Fast
- The Types of Not Breaking the Fast
- Notes and Commentary
- Back to: Islamic Shariah, Theology and Jurisprudence
The Fasting (Shaum) of Ramadan
(فصل) يجب صوم رمضان بأحد أمور خمسة : (أحدها ) بكمال شعبان ثلاثين يوما
(وثانيها) برؤية الهلال في حق من رآه وان كان فاسقا (وثالثا) بثبوته في حق من لم
يره بعدل شهادة (ورابعا) بإخبار عدل رواية موثوق به سواء وقع في القلب صدق أم لا
أوغيره موثوق به إن وقع في القلب صدقه (وخامسها) بظن دخول رمضان بالإجتهاد فيمن
اشتبه عليه ذلك .
Chapter
Fasting of Ramaḍān Becomes Compulsory With the Attainment of One
of Five Things:
1. On completion of thirty days of Shaʿban.
2.
By sighting the moon for the person who sees it, even though he is a fāsiq
(sinner).
3. The testimony of a just person (non-fāsiq) for those who do
not sight it.
4. The informing of a just person whose information is
reliable, whether the heart is inclined to it being or not, and also with the
information of an unreliable source if one is inclined to it being true.
5.
With the perception that Ramaḍān has commenced (this is) for that person who
is doubtful of it.
The Conditions for the Validity of Fasting
(فصل) شروط صحته أربعة أشياء : إسلام وعقل ونقاء من نحو حيض وعلم بكون الوقت قبلا
للصوم .
Chapter
The Conditions for the Validity of Fasting are Four:
1.
Islām .
2. Sane.
3. Purity from haiḍ (menstruation).
4.
Knowledge of its appropriate time.
The Conditions for Fasting Becoming Compulsary
(فصل) شروط وجوبه خمسة اشياء : اسلام وتكليف وإطاقة وصحه وإقامة .
Chapter
The Conditions for Fasting Becoming Compulsary are Five:
1.
Islam .
2. Mukallaf (reaching the age of puberty and sanity).
3.
Ability.
4. Health.
5. Muqim (non traveller)
The Pillars of Fasting of Ramadan
(فصل) أركانه ثلاثة أشياء: نية ليلا لكل يوم في الفرض وترك مفطر ذاكرا مختارا غير
جاهل معذور وصائم .
Chapter
The Pillars of Fasting of Ramadan are Three:
1. To
make an intention at night for each day of the farḍ (fast).
2. To
refraining from intentionally doing things which break the fast, for the one
who is conscious of his fast and is not ignorant.
3. The fasting person
himself
Major Kaffārah (Expiation) and Specified Punishment
(فصل) يجب مع القضاء للصوم الكفارة العظمى والتعزير على من أفسد صومه في رمضان
يوما كاملا بجماع تام آثم به للصوم
Chapter
Major kaffārah (expiation) and specified punishment are
compulsory, together with making-up the fast for he who breaks his fast of
Ramaḍān a complete day by having complete intercourse in which he becomes
sinner in his fast.
ويجب مع القضاء الإمساك للصوم في ستة مواضع:الأول في رمضان لافي غيره على متعد بفطره، والثاني على تارك النية ليلا في الفرض، والثالث على من تسحر ظانا بقاء الليل فبان خلافة أيضا ، والرابع على من افطر ظانا الغروب فبان خلافه ايضا ، والخامس على من بان له يوم ثلاثين من شعبان أنه من رمضان ، والسادس على من سبقه ماء المبالغة من مضمضة واستنشاق
There are six situations in which it is compulsory for one to abstain
from things which break the fast and also necessitate the making-up of that
fast later.
1. Breaking his fast with a wrong act from his side in
the month of Ramaḍān only.
2. Upon one who omits the intention at night
for the farḍ fast.
3. Upon one who has sahur (a meal before dawn)
thinking that the night still remains, but it was not so.
4. Upon one who
breaks the fast thinking that the sun has set but it was not so.
5. Upon
one who has reckoned the 30th of Shaʿbān to be the first of Ramaḍān.
6.
Upon one who was excessive in gargling and in putting water into the nostrils
to such an extent that the water goes down the throat.
Things that Nullify the Fast
(فصل) يبطل الصوم : بردة وحيض ونفاس أو ولادة وجنون ولو لحظة وبإغماء وسكر تعدى
به إن عمَّا جميع النهار
Chapter
Fasting is nullified
1. with apostasy,
2. menstruation,
3. postnatal bleeding,
4.
childbirth,
5. insanity even for a moment,
6. unconsciousness and
unlawful intoxicants if they last for the entire day.
The Breaking of the Fast
(فصل) الإفطار في رمضان أربعة انواع: واجب كما في الحائض والنفساء، وجائز كما في
المسافر والمريض ولاولاكما في المجنون، ومحرم كمن أخر قضاء رمضان تمكنه حتى ضاق
الوقت عنه .
Chapter
The Breaking of the Fast in Ramaḍan are Four Types (In Respect
to Rulings):
1. Wājib (compulsory), like for a woman who
experiences menstruation (haiḍ) and postnatal bleeding.
2. Permissible,
like a traveller and a sick person.
3. That which is neither wājib nor
permissible, like insanity.
4. Ḥarām, like he who delays the making-up of
Ramaḍān despitehaving the capability to do so, until the time does not permit
it
The Types of Breaking the Fast
فَصْلٌ وأقسام الإفطار أربعة : أيضا ما يلزم فية القضاء والفدية وهو اثنان:الأول
الإفطار لخوف على غيرة ، والثاني الإفطار مع تأخير قضاء مع إمكانه حتى يأتي رمضان
آخر ، وثانيها مايلزم فية القضاء دون الفدية وهو يكثر كمغمى علية ، وثالثهما ما
يلزم فيه الفدية دون القضاء وهوشيخ كبير ، ورابعها لا ولا وهو المجنون الذي لم
يتعد بجنونه .
Chapter
The Types of Breaking the Fast are Four:
1. The
things that make qaḍāʾ and fidyah wājib are two:
First, Breaking
the fast due to the fear of harm for others.
Second, Breaking the fast and thereafter delaying to make-up for it until the
next Ramaḍān comes.
2. Those for which qaḍāʾ is compulsory but not
the fidyah, like one who is unconscious.
3. Those for which fidyah is
compulsory but not the qaḍāʾ, like a very old man.
4. That which is
neither wājib nor permissible, like the insane person who’s insanity is not
caused by transgression.
The Types of Not Breaking the Fast
(فصل) الذي لا يفطِر مما يصل إلى الجوف سبعة أفراد : مايصل إلى الجوف بنسيان أو
جهل أو إكراة وبجريان ريق بما بين أسنانه وقد عجز عن مجه لعذره وما وصل إلى الجوف
وكان غبار طريق ، وما وصل إلية وكان غربلة دقيق ، أوذبابا طائرا أو نحوه .
Chapter
The Things Which by Reaching the Stomach, Do Not Break the Fast
are Seven:
1. That which reaches the body cavity20 out of
forgetfulness,
2. ignorance
3. or force.
4. The mixing of
saliva with what is between the teeth22 and he is unable to discharge it, he
is therefore excused.
5. The dust of the road which reaches to the body
cavity.
6. The dust of sifted flour which reach the body
cavity.
7. or flies etc. which reach the body cavity.
End
تم بعون الله تعالى متن سفينة النجا
6 A child of seven is ordered to fast, and at ten is beaten for not fasting (not severely, but so to discipline the child, and not more than three blows).
13 It is best to hasten breaking the fast when one is certain that the sun has set.
15 Someone obliged to make-up some fast-days of Ramadan is recommended to do so consecutively and immediately. It is not permissible for a person with some unperformed fast-days of Ramadan to delay making them up until the next Ramadan unless there is an excuse for delaying.
20 Through an open passage-way